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Nernst lamps
Nernst lamps were an near the beginning
form of electrically-powered incandescent lamps. Nernst
lamps didn't use a glowing tungsten filament, though.
Instead, they used a ceramic rod that was heated to
incandescence. Because the rod (unlike tungsten wire)
would not additional oxidize when exposed to air, there
was no need to enclose it within a vacuum or noble gas
environment; the burners in Nernst lamps could work
exposed to the air and were only enclosed in glass to
aid in diffusing the light that was produced.
Developed by Walther Nernst these lamps
were quite profitably marketed for a time, although
they eventually lost out to the more-efficient tungsten
filament incandescent light bulb. One disadvantage of
the Nernst design was that the ceramic rod was not electrically-conductive
at room high temperature so the lamps needed a separate
heater filament to heat the ceramic hot enough to start
conducting electricity on its own.
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